Plant Systems

Plant ID

Contest-scale plant recognition: 35 plants, matching the published identification practicum count. Study the photograph first, compare the field-guide illustration, then prove recall without the name visible.

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Plant ID●

Silver Vase Bromeliad

Aechmea fasciata

Look first

Start with the vase-shaped rosette of broad, banded silver-green leaves and the stiff pink central bracts.

Closest checkUnlike most foliage rosettes, the leaves form a central water-holding cup and the inflorescence rises from its center.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSilver vase = silver-banded leaf cup + pink center.
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Plant ID●

Flamingo Plant

Anthurium × andraeanum

Look first

Find the glossy heart-shaped spathe surrounding a straight, finger-like spadix.

Closest checkPeace Lily also has a spathe and spadix, but usually has white spathes and long lance-shaped leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAnthurium = shiny heart + finger spadix.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Snapdragon

Antirrhinum majus

Look first

Look for an upright flower spike lined with larger two-lipped 'dragon-mouth' blooms.

Closest checkAngelonia has smaller, more open flowers and a lighter, narrower spike.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSnapdragon = mouths marching up a spike.
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Plant ID●

Zebra Plant

Aphelandra squarrosa

Look first

Start with dark glossy leaves crossed by bold pale or white veins.

Closest checkPrayer Plant also has patterned foliage, but its pattern is broader/blotched and leaves are usually oval rather than sharply white-veined.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueZebra Plant = dark leaf + bright vein stripes.
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Plant ID●

Norfolk Island Pine

Araucaria heterophylla

Look first

Look for a symmetrical conifer with regular horizontal tiers of soft-looking branches.

Closest checkIts whorled, layered branch architecture is more orderly than most foliage houseplants.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueNorfolk = stacked Christmas-tree tiers.
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Plant ID●

Caladium

Caladium × hortulanum

Look first

Start with thin, broad heart-to-arrow-shaped leaves painted with contrasting veins, blotches or margins.

Closest checkNephthytis has arrowhead leaves too, but typically lacks Caladium's thin, dramatically patterned leaf blade.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCaladium = painted paper-thin heart/arrow leaf.
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Plant ID●

Periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus

Look first

Look for flat five-petaled pinwheel flowers above glossy opposite leaves with a pale midrib.

Closest checkPentas flowers form starry clusters; vinca/periwinkle shows larger individual pinwheel flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePeriwinkle = five-petal pinwheel + glossy opposite leaves.
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Plant ID●

Cockscomb

Celosia argentea

Look first

Look for a velvety crested flower head shaped like a brain or rooster comb; plume forms may look flame-like.

Closest checkGlobe Amaranth has separate round papery heads, not a fused crest.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCockscomb = comb, brain or flame.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Florist's Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum × morifolium

Look first

Use the distinctly lobed aromatic-looking foliage along with the dense composite flower heads.

Closest checkChina Aster and Zinnia can have similar flower colors; mum leaves are deeply lobed and diagnostic.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMum = packed flower head + lobed leaf.
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Plant ID●

Croton

Codiaeum variegatum

Look first

Start with thick glossy leaves splashed or veined in yellow, red, orange and green.

Closest checkColeus is colorful too, but its leaves are softer, thinner and usually toothed rather than leathery.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCroton = glossy leather leaf painted in many colors.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Carnation

Dianthus caryophyllus

Look first

Look for ruffled many-petaled flowers, narrow blue-green leaves and obvious swollen stem nodes.

Closest checkStock also comes in spikes of flowers, but has broader leaves and lacks Carnation's jointed narrow-leaf stems.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCarnation = ruffles + skinny leaves + knobby joints.
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Plant ID●

Golden Pothos

Epipremnum aureum

Look first

Look for a trailing/climbing vine with heart-shaped leaves commonly splashed yellow and a distinctly grooved/winged petiole.

Closest checkHeartleaf Philodendron usually has a smoother rounded petiole and thinner, more symmetrical heart-shaped leaf.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePothos = gold-splashed heart + grooved petiole.
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Plant ID●

Poinsettia

Euphorbia pulcherrima

Look first

Look for brightly colored leaf-like bracts surrounding tiny true flowers in the center.

Closest checkDo not call the colored bracts petals; the small yellow-green center structures are the actual flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePoinsettia = bright bracts, tiny center flowers.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Gerbera Daisy

Gerbera jamesonii

Look first

Look for a very large daisy-like flower head held on a mostly leafless stalk above a basal leaf rosette.

Closest checkChina Aster and Zinnia usually carry leaves along flowering stems.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueGerbera = giant daisy on a bare stalk.
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Plant ID●

Baby's Breath

Gypsophila elegans

Look first

Look for an airy cloud of tiny flowers on very fine, repeatedly branching stems.

Closest checkWaxflower has woody stems and narrow needle-like leaves; Baby's Breath looks softer and cloudier.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBaby's Breath = tiny white flower cloud.
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Plant ID●

English Ivy

Hedera helix

Look first

Look for a trailing/climbing vine with firm, palmately veined leaves commonly showing 3–5 pointed lobes.

Closest checkNephthytis has arrow-shaped juvenile leaves rather than the classic ivy-lobed outline.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueEnglish Ivy = climbing vine + pointed lobes.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Sunflower

Helianthus annuus

Look first

Start with the large composite head: a broad central disk surrounded by ray petals, plus coarse broad leaves.

Closest checkShasta Daisy also has rays and disk, but is much smaller with white rays and narrower foliage.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSunflower = giant disk + rays.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Big Leaf Hydrangea

Hydrangea macrophylla

Look first

Look for broad opposite serrated leaves and huge rounded or lacecap clusters of many small flowers.

Closest checkThe very large flower cluster plus big toothed leaves separates it from Pentas or Ageratum.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHydrangea = big leaf + big flower ball.
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Plant ID●

Ageratum

Ageratum houstonianum

Look first

Look for soft, fuzzy button-like flower clusters above opposite, toothed leaves.

Closest checkThe flower heads look fluffy rather than daisy-like, and the plant is much finer-textured than hydrangea or pentas.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAgeratum = fuzzy little buttons.
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Plant ID●

Peruvian Lily

Alstroemeria hybrid

Look first

Look for lily-like flowers with streaks or spots on the inner tepals and narrow leaves along leafy stems.

Closest checkUnlike true lilies, Alstroemeria flowers are usually smaller in clustered stems and often have striped inner petals.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePeruvian Lily = small lily bloom + striped inner petals.
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Plant ID●

Anemone

Anemone coronaria

Look first

Look for a poppy-like flower with a conspicuous dark center above finely divided foliage.

Closest checkRanunculus has many tightly layered petals; anemone usually shows an open face with the dark center exposed.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAnemone = open face + dark eye.
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Plant ID●

Dill

Anethum graveolens

Look first

Start with the extremely fine, threadlike blue-green foliage and flat umbrella-shaped flower clusters.

Closest checkParsley is also in the carrot family but has much broader divided leaf segments.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDill = feathery threads + umbrella flowers.
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Plant ID●

Angelonia

Angelonia hybrid

Look first

Look for upright spikes of small snapdragon-like flowers with narrow lance-shaped leaves.

Closest checkSnapdragon flowers are larger and more distinctly two-lipped on a heavier spike.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAngelonia = mini snapdragons on a slim spike.
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Plant ID●

Sprengeri Fern

Asparagus densiflorus

Look first

Look for arching or trailing stems covered in many tiny needle-like cladodes; it is not a true fern.

Closest checkBoston and Leatherleaf ferns have obvious flat fronds divided into pinnae.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSprengeri = cascading green needles, not flat fern fronds.
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Plant ID●

Monte Cassino Aster

Aster pringlei

Look first

Look for airy branching sprays of many small daisy flowers with yellow centers.

Closest checkSolidago forms masses of tiny yellow flowers without the obvious daisy ray-and-disk look.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMonte Cassino = a cloud of tiny daisies.
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Plant ID●

Astilbe

Astilbe hybrid

Look first

Start with soft, feathery upright flower plumes above compound, toothed foliage.

Closest checkLiatris makes a tighter vertical spike; Astilbe makes branched, fluffy plumes.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAstilbe = ferny leaves + feather plumes.
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Plant ID●

Wax Begonia

Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum

Look first

Look for compact plants with glossy, succulent-looking rounded leaves and small waxy flowers.

Closest checkTuberous Begonia usually has much larger, showier flowers and larger asymmetrical foliage.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueWax Begonia = small glossy leaves + small waxy blooms.
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Plant ID●

Tuberous Begonia

Begonia × tuberhybrida

Look first

Look for large, showy often double flowers above fleshy, asymmetrical leaves.

Closest checkWax Begonia is smaller and simpler in both leaf and flower scale.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueTuberous Begonia = big bloom + lopsided fleshy leaf.
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Plant ID●

Million Bells

Calibrachoa hybrid

Look first

Look for a trailing plant covered with many small petunia-like trumpet flowers and small leaves.

Closest checkPetunia has noticeably larger flowers and larger, often sticky-hairy foliage.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMillion Bells = mini petunias by the dozens.
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Plant ID●

China Aster

Callistephus chinensis

Look first

Look for daisy-type composite flower heads on upright stems with toothed leaves.

Closest checkGerbera usually has a single large flower on a mostly leafless stalk from a basal rosette.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueChina Aster = leafy stem + aster/daisy head.
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Plant ID●

Campanula

Campanula hybrid

Look first

Look for unmistakable bell- or cup-shaped flowers, often held in clusters on leafy stems.

Closest checkHyacinth makes a dense bulb spike; Campanula flowers show individual open bells.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCampanula = campana means bell.
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Plant ID●

Garden Canna

Canna × generalis

Look first

Start with very large paddle-shaped, banana-like leaves and tall flower stalks.

Closest checkBird of Paradise also has large leaves, but its distinctive flower emerges from a boat-shaped spathe.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCanna = tropical paddle leaves + tall flower spike.
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Plant ID●

Ornamental Pepper Plant

Capsicum annuum

Look first

Look for a compact leafy plant carrying many small colorful pepper fruits, often upright.

Closest checkDo not identify by fruit color alone; the conical pepper fruit and simple pointed leaves are the key combination.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueOrnamental pepper = tiny bright peppers on a compact plant.
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Plant ID●

Parlor Palm

Chamaedorea elegans

Look first

Look for delicate pinnate fronds on slender green cane-like stems.

Closest checkSago Palm has much stiffer, darker fronds radiating from a stout central crown.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueParlor Palm = soft feather fronds + skinny canes.
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Plant ID●

Waxflower

Chamelaucium uncinatum

Look first

Look for woody fine-textured stems with narrow needle-like leaves and small waxy five-petaled flowers.

Closest checkBaby's Breath is airier with tiny soft flowers and lacks the woody, needle-leaf look.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueWaxflower = woody sprig + tiny wax stars.
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Plant ID●

Spider Plant

Chlorophytum comosum

Look first

Start with a basal clump of arching strap leaves and long runners carrying baby plantlets.

Closest checkThe hanging plantlets on wiry stolons separate it quickly from other strap-leaved houseplants.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSpider Plant = straps + babies on runners.
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Plant ID●

Clematis

Clematis hybrid

Look first

Look for a climbing vine with opposite leaves and large star-like flowers with showy petal-like sepals.

Closest checkThe twining/climbing habit and opposite leaf arrangement help separate it from upright cut flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueClematis = climbing vine + big star flower.
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Plant ID●

Jade Plant

Crassula ovata

Look first

Look for thick, smooth, oval succulent leaves in opposite pairs on fleshy-to-woody stems.

Closest checkKalanchoe has succulent leaves too, but commonly shows scalloped leaf edges and clustered flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueJade = plump oval coins on a succulent shrub.
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Plant ID●

Sago Palm

Cycas revoluta

Look first

Look for a rosette of stiff, glossy pinnate fronds emerging from a thick rough central trunk or crown.

Closest checkParlor Palm has softer, more flexible fronds on slender canes.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSago = stiff feather fronds from a stout crown.
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Plant ID●

Florist's Cyclamen

Cyclamen × persicum

Look first

Start with heart-shaped often silver-marbled leaves and flowers whose petals sweep sharply upward/backward.

Closest checkThe reflexed petals make Cyclamen unlike most other potted flowering plants.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCyclamen = marbled heart leaves + swept-back petals.
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Plant ID●

Cymbidium Orchid

Cymbidium

Look first

Look for long strap leaves and a sturdy flower spike carrying several waxy orchid blooms.

Closest checkDendrobium has cane-like stems with flowers attached along the canes; Cymbidium rises from a grasslike leaf clump.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCymbidium = grassy straps + thick orchid spike.
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Plant ID●

Lemongrass

Cymbopogon

Look first

Look for a dense clump of long narrow grass blades arising from thick overlapping basal sheaths.

Closest checkUnlike decorative strap-leaf houseplants, it forms a true grass clump with blade-and-sheath structure.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLemongrass = fountain of coarse grass blades.
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Plant ID●

Dahlia

Dahlia hybrid

Look first

Look for large composite flower heads on sturdy leafy stems with opposite, often toothed leaves.

Closest checkZinnia leaves are usually simple, rough and nearly sessile; Dahlia foliage is often more divided.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDahlia = showy composite + opposite leafy stems.
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Plant ID●

Larkspur

Delphinium consolida

Look first

Look for tall airy spikes of spurred flowers above very finely divided foliage.

Closest checkStock has dense four-petaled flowers and broader gray-green leaves; Snapdragon has dragon-mouth flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLarkspur = tall spike + little flower spurs.
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Plant ID●

Dendrobium Orchid

Dendrobium

Look first

Start with upright cane-like stems and flowers produced at nodes along or near those canes.

Closest checkCymbidium forms a basal strap-leaf clump with a separate flower spike.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDendrobium = orchid flowers along a cane.
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Plant ID●

Red Edge Dracaena

Dracaena marginata

Look first

Look for thin woody canes topped by tufts of very narrow arching leaves edged in red.

Closest checkSpider Plant lacks the cane trunk and produces plantlets on runners.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueRed Edge Dracaena = cane + skinny leaves + red rim.
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Plant ID●

Barrel Cactus

Echinocactus

Look first

Start with the rounded-to-columnar barrel shape, strong vertical ribs and dense spines.

Closest checkOpuntia cactus is made of flattened jointed pads instead of one ribbed barrel.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBarrel Cactus = ribs around a barrel.
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Plant ID●

Spring Heather

Erica carnea

Look first

Look for a low woody mound covered in tiny needle-like leaves and many small urn- or bell-shaped flowers.

Closest checkIts woody, miniature shrub habit separates it from upright spike flowers such as Liatris or Stock.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHeather = tiny needles + tiny bells on a low shrub.
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Plant ID●

Silver Dollar Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus polyanthemos

Look first

Start with blue-gray, round coin-like juvenile leaves arranged in opposite pairs.

Closest checkDusty Miller is also silver, but has fuzzy deeply lobed leaves rather than smooth round coins.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSilver Dollar = blue-silver leaf coins.
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Plant ID●

Lisianthus

Eustoma grandiflorum

Look first

Look for rose-like cup flowers on smooth stems with opposite blue-gray oval leaves.

Closest checkRose has compound serrated leaves and prickles; Lisianthus has simple opposite glaucous leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLisianthus = rose-like flower, no rose leaf.
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Plant ID●

Persian Violet

Exacum affine

Look first

Look for a compact plant with glossy oval leaves and many small violet five-petaled flowers with yellow eyes.

Closest checkAfrican Violet has fuzzy leaves in a basal rosette; Persian Violet leaves are smooth and glossy.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePersian Violet = shiny leaves + purple stars with yellow eyes.
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Plant ID●

Benjamin Fig

Ficus benjamina

Look first

Look for a woody tree/shrub with graceful drooping twigs and many small glossy leaves ending in a long point.

Closest checkRubber Plant has much larger, thicker leaves and a bolder upright habit.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBenjamin Fig = many small glossy pointed leaves.
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Plant ID●

Rubber Plant

Ficus elastica

Look first

Start with very large thick glossy oval leaves, often with a reddish new-leaf sheath.

Closest checkBenjamin Fig has much smaller, thinner leaves and finer drooping branches.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueRubber Plant = big thick shiny leaves.
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Plant ID●

Strawberry Plant

Fragaria × ananassa

Look first

Look for leaves divided into three toothed leaflets; flowers are white and fruit may show seeds on the outside.

Closest checkThe trifoliate serrated leaf is useful even when no strawberry fruit is present.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueStrawberry = three toothed leaflets.
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Plant ID●

Freesia

Freesia × hybrida

Look first

Look for narrow sword-like leaves and a curved or one-sided flowering stem with funnel-shaped blooms.

Closest checkGladiolus also has sword leaves but its spike is taller, straighter and much larger.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueFreesia = slim swords + bent one-sided flower stem.
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Plant ID●

Gardenia

Gardenia jasminoides

Look first

Start with thick glossy dark-green leaves, usually opposite or whorled, and waxy white flowers.

Closest checkStephanotis also has waxy white flowers, but it is a vine with clusters of tubular star flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueGardenia = glossy leaves + waxy white rosette flower.
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Plant ID●

Garden Gladiolus

Gladiolus × hortulanus

Look first

Look for upright sword-shaped leaves and a tall one-sided spike of large funnel flowers.

Closest checkFreesia is smaller and its flowering stem usually bends/arches more.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueGladiolus = swords + tall flower ladder.
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Plant ID●

Globe Amaranths

Gomphrena hybrid

Look first

Look for round, papery clover-like flower heads on slender branching stems.

Closest checkCockscomb forms a crest or plume, not separate little globes.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueGomphrena = papery flower balls.
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Plant ID●

Daylily

Hemerocallis

Look first

Look for a fountain of arching grasslike basal leaves with lily-shaped flowers on leafless scapes.

Closest checkTrue lilies carry leaves along the upright stem; Daylily leaves stay in the basal clump.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDaylily = grassy clump + bare flower scape.
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Plant ID●

Amaryllis

Hippeastrum hybrid

Look first

Look for a thick leafless flower stalk topped by several huge trumpet flowers; strap leaves arise from the bulb.

Closest checkDaylily flowers are on thinner scapes above a dense grassy clump.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAmaryllis = thick stalk + giant trumpets.
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Plant ID●

Hosta

Hosta

Look first

Start with a basal mound of broad, strongly veined leaves; flower stalks rise above the foliage.

Closest checkHosta leaves are broader and more corrugated/ribbed than most strap-leaved plants.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHosta = mound of broad ribbed leaves.
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Plant ID●

Wax Plant

Hoya carnosa

Look first

Look for a trailing vine with thick waxy opposite leaves and rounded clusters of star-shaped waxy flowers.

Closest checkStephanotis is also a glossy vine, but its white flowers are larger, tubular and not the tight wax-star umbels of Hoya.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHoya = wax leaves + wax star cluster.
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Plant ID●

Hyacinth

Hyacinthus orientalis

Look first

Look for a dense central spike packed with many small star/bell flowers rising from broad strap leaves.

Closest checkDaffodil has separate trumpet-centered flowers rather than one densely packed spike.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHyacinth = bulb leaves + packed flower spike.
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Plant ID●

Impatiens

Impatiens hybrid

Look first

Look for soft succulent stems, serrated leaves and flat flowers that often show a rear spur.

Closest checkPeriwinkle has tougher glossy opposite leaves and simple pinwheel flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueImpatiens = soft juicy stems + flat spurred flowers.
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Plant ID●

Ornamental Sweet Potato

Ipomoea batatas

Look first

Look for a vigorous trailing vine with heart-, maple- or deeply lobed leaves, often chartreuse or purple.

Closest checkUnlike Pothos, the leaves are not leathery aroid hearts and the plant has a softer outdoor vine habit.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSweet potato vine = fast trailer + dramatic lobed/heart leaves.
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Plant ID●

Dutch Iris

Iris × hollandica

Look first

Look for narrow sword leaves and elegant iris flowers with upright standards and drooping falls.

Closest checkGladiolus makes a long spike of many funnel flowers rather than the distinct iris flower structure.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDutch Iris = swords + standards and falls.
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Plant ID●

Dusty Miller

Jacobaea maritima

Look first

Start with the silvery-white, felted foliage that is often deeply cut or lobed.

Closest checkSilver Dollar Eucalyptus is smooth and round; Dusty Miller is fuzzy and carved.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDusty Miller = fuzzy silver cut-leaf.
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Plant ID●

Shrimp Plant

Justicia brandegeeana

Look first

Look for overlapping salmon/pink/yellow-green bracts forming a curved shrimp-like spike with small flowers protruding.

Closest checkThe layered bracts, not the tiny flowers, create the shrimp shape.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueShrimp Plant = stacked bracts shaped like a shrimp.
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Plant ID●

Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

Look first

Look for thick succulent leaves with scalloped edges and dense clusters of small four-petaled flowers.

Closest checkJade has smoother-edged oval leaves and a more shrub-like woody habit.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueKalanchoe = scalloped succulent leaf + tight flower cluster.
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Plant ID●

Shasta Daisy

Leucanthemum × superbum

Look first

Look for classic white ray petals around a yellow disk on upright stems with toothed green leaves.

Closest checkGerbera heads are larger and rise from a basal rosette on nearly leafless stalks.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueShasta = white daisy + yellow button.
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Plant ID●

Pin Cushion Protea

Leucospermum hybrid

Look first

Look for a rounded flower head packed with many long projecting styles, creating a pincushion effect.

Closest checkNo daisy or mum has the same mass of long pin-like projections.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePincushion = pins sticking out of the flower head.
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Plant ID●

Liatris

Liatris spicata

Look first

Look for a stiff vertical spike densely packed with small fuzzy purple flower heads and narrow leaves.

Closest checkAstilbe makes branched feathery plumes; Liatris is a tight straight wand.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLiatris = purple bottlebrush wand.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Asiatic or Oriental Lily

Lilium hybrid

Look first

Look for a tall stem carrying large six-tepaled lily flowers with leaves attached along the stem.

Closest checkDaylily has all grasslike leaves at the base and flowers on leafless scapes.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueTrue lily = leafy stem + six-part bloom.
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Plant ID●

Statice

Limonium sinuatum

Look first

Look for branched sprays of tiny papery cup-like flowers, often purple/blue, above a basal leaf cluster.

Closest checkBaby's Breath has softer tiny flowers and much finer stems; Statice looks papery and stiff.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueStatice = papery flower spray.
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Plant ID●

Alyssum

Lobularia maritima

Look first

Look for a low mound or trailer covered in clusters of very small four-petaled flowers and narrow leaves.

Closest checkBaby's Breath is taller and airier; Alyssum forms a low carpet.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAlyssum = tiny four-petal carpet.
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Plant ID●

Prayer Plant

Maranta leuconeura

Look first

Start with oval leaves marked by bold veins, bands or paired dark blotches; leaves arise on a low spreading plant.

Closest checkZebra Plant has straighter bold white veins on darker upright foliage.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePrayer Plant = patterned oval leaf that 'prays'.
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Plant ID●

Stock

Matthiola incana

Look first

Look for an upright spike of many fragrant-looking four-petaled flowers with soft gray-green leaves.

Closest checkSnapdragon flowers are two-lipped; Larkspur flowers are spurred and foliage is finely divided.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueStock = four-petal flowers stacked on a stout spike.
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Plant ID●

Split Leaf Philodendron

Monstera deliciosa

Look first

Look for very large glossy leaves that develop deep splits and interior holes/fenestrations.

Closest checkHeartleaf Philodendron has simple unsplit heart-shaped leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMonstera = giant leaf with splits and holes.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Daffodil or Narcissus

Narcissus hybrid

Look first

Look for a central trumpet/cup (corona) surrounded by six petal-like tepals and narrow strap leaves.

Closest checkTulip lacks the central trumpet and usually has broader leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueDaffodil = six around one trumpet.
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Plant ID●

Boston Fern

Nephrolepis exaltata

Look first

Look for long arching sword-shaped fronds divided into many small pinnae from a central crown.

Closest checkLeatherleaf fronds are broader, triangular and stiffer; Sprengeri has needle-like cladodes instead of flat pinnae.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBoston Fern = arching green feather swords.
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Plant ID●

Basil

Ocimum basilicum

Look first

Look for opposite ovate leaves on square branching stems; flowering plants carry narrow spikes of small flowers.

Closest checkParsley leaves are deeply divided rather than simple opposite blades.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBasil = opposite simple leaves + square stem.
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Plant ID●

Cactus

Opuntia spp.

Look first

For the listed Opuntia type, look for flattened jointed pads with regularly spaced areoles bearing spines or glochids.

Closest checkBarrel Cactus is one ribbed cylinder/ball, not a chain of flat pads.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueOpuntia cactus = flat pads + areoles.
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Plant ID●

Peony

Paeonia

Look first

Look for a bushy herbaceous plant with large many-petaled flowers and deeply divided compound foliage.

Closest checkHybrid Tea Rose has serrated compound leaflets and prickled woody stems.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePeony = giant layered bloom + divided bushy foliage.
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Plant ID●

Ladyslipper Orchid

Paphiopedilum hybrid

Look first

Find the unmistakable pouch- or slipper-shaped lower lip (labellum) beneath the other orchid segments.

Closest checkMoth, Dendrobium and Cymbidium orchids lack the inflated slipper pouch.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLadyslipper = orchid with a pouch.
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Plant ID●

Zonal Geranium

Pelargonium × hortorum

Look first

Look for an upright plant with rounded scalloped leaves, often marked by a darker circular zone, and rounded flower umbels.

Closest checkIvy Geranium trails and has glossier ivy-shaped/peltate leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueZonal = upright + round leaf with a zone.
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Plant ID●

Ivy Geranium

Pelargonium peltatum

Look first

Look for trailing stems with glossy, fleshy, ivy-like five-lobed/peltate leaves and flower umbels.

Closest checkZonal Geranium is upright with softer round scalloped leaves, often with a dark zone.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueIvy Geranium = trailing + glossy ivy leaf.
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Plant ID●

Pentas

Pentas hybrid

Look first

Look for rounded clusters of many small five-pointed star flowers above opposite, often slightly hairy leaves.

Closest checkPeriwinkle has larger individual pinwheel flowers rather than dense star clusters.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePentas = penta means five-point stars.
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Plant ID●

Parsley

Petroselinum crispum

Look first

Look for a basal clump of deeply divided green leaves, either tightly curled or flat and triangular.

Closest checkDill is much finer and threadlike; Basil has simple opposite leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueParsley = divided leafy rosette, not threadlike dill.
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Plant ID●

Petunia

Petunia × hybrida

Look first

Look for relatively large funnel/trumpet flowers on a spreading plant with soft, often sticky-hairy leaves.

Closest checkMillion Bells has much smaller flowers and finer foliage on a trailing plant.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePetunia = big trumpet + soft sticky foliage.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Moth Orchid

Phalaenopsis

Look first

Look for broad thick basal leaves and an arching flower spike of flat, rounded moth-like blooms.

Closest checkDendrobium grows from canes; Cymbidium has many narrow strap leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePhalaenopsis = broad basal leaves + moth flowers.
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Plant ID●

Heartleaf Philodendron

Philodendron scandens oxycardium

Look first

Look for a trailing/climbing vine with smooth, thin, symmetrical heart-shaped leaves and rounded petioles.

Closest checkGolden Pothos often has yellow variegation, a thicker leaf and a grooved/winged petiole.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHeartleaf Philodendron = clean green heart + smooth petiole.
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Plant ID●

Aluminum Plant

Pilea cadierei

Look first

Look for oval opposite leaves with raised quilted texture and metallic silver patches between green veins.

Closest checkPrayer Plant has broader painted bands/blotches; Aluminum Plant looks silver-splashed and puckered.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAluminum Plant = quilted leaf flashed with silver.
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Plant ID●

Moss Rose/Purslane

Portulaca oleracea

Look first

Look for a low spreading succulent with fleshy cylindrical-to-spatulate leaves and bright rose-like flowers.

Closest checkOther bedding flowers lack its obviously succulent stems and leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMoss Rose = tiny succulent + bright rose flower.
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Plant ID●

Primrose

Primula malacoides

Look first

Look for a basal rosette of soft, crinkled/scalloped leaves and tall stems carrying tiers or clusters of small flowers.

Closest checkAfrican Violet has much fuzzier, rounder leaves and flowers held closer to the rosette.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePrimrose = soft rosette + flower stems above.
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Plant ID●

Ranunculus

Ranunculus hybrid

Look first

Look for a rose-like flower made of many thin, tightly layered petals above deeply cut foliage.

Closest checkAnemone usually exposes a dark central disk and has fewer, more open petals.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueRanunculus = paper-petal rose.
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Plant ID●

Florist Azalea

Rhododendron simsii

Look first

Look for a compact woody shrub with small elliptic leaves and masses of funnel-shaped flowers.

Closest checkGardenia has larger glossy leaves and waxy white flowers; Azalea leaves are smaller and often slightly hairy.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueFlorist Azalea = woody mound packed with funnels.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Hybrid Tea Rose

Rosa hybrid

Look first

Look for a large high-centered bloom usually borne singly on a long stem with prickles and compound serrated leaves.

Closest checkLisianthus can look rose-like but has simple opposite blue-gray leaves and no prickled rose stem.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHybrid Tea Rose = high center + prickles + compound leaf.
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Plant ID●

Leatherleaf Fern

Rumohra adiantiformis

Look first

Look for broad triangular, dark green leathery fronds with sturdy branched pinnae.

Closest checkBoston Fern fronds are long narrow swords; Leatherleaf is wider, triangular and tougher.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueLeatherleaf = tough triangular fern frond.
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Plant ID●

African Violet

Saintpaulia ionantha

Look first

Start with a tight basal rosette of thick fuzzy round-to-heart-shaped leaves and flowers just above the rosette.

Closest checkPersian Violet has smooth glossy leaves; Gloxinia has much larger velvety leaves and trumpet flowers.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueAfrican Violet = fuzzy leaf rosette.
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Plant ID●

Salvia

Salvia splendens

Look first

Look for upright spikes of tubular flowers and opposite leaves on square stems.

Closest checkAngelonia and Snapdragon also spike, but Salvia flowers/bracts form a more regular dense vertical display.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSalvia = tubular flower spike + opposite leaves.
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Plant ID●

Snake Plant

Sansevieria trifasciata

Look first

Look for stiff upright sword-shaped succulent leaves, commonly banded/mottled green and sometimes yellow-edged.

Closest checkRed Edge Dracaena has narrow flexible leaves in tufts on canes, not thick swords from the soil.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSnake Plant = stiff vertical swords.
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Plant ID●

Umbrella Plant

Schefflera arboricola

Look first

Look for compound leaves whose several leaflets radiate from one point like umbrella spokes.

Closest checkNo simple-leaf houseplant has the same spoke-wheel leaflet arrangement.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSchefflera = leaflets around an umbrella hub.
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Plant ID●

Christmas Cactus

Schlumbergera bridgesii

Look first

Look for flattened, jointed, leaf-like stem segments with scalloped/toothed edges and flowers at segment tips.

Closest checkOpuntia also has flat segments, but Christmas Cactus segments are small, soft-looking and spineless.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueChristmas Cactus = chain of flat scalloped segments.
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Plant ID●

Hens and Chicks

Sempervivum hybrid

Look first

Look for a tight succulent rosette surrounded by smaller offset rosettes ('chicks').

Closest checkOther succulents may rosette, but the colony of offsets around the mother plant is the classic clue.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueHens and Chicks = one rosette surrounded by babies.
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Plant ID●

Cineraria

Senecio × hybridus

Look first

Look for broad soft toothed leaves below a dense dome of daisy-like flowers in vivid colors.

Closest checkThe large fuzzy/soft basal foliage helps separate it from China Aster or Shasta Daisy.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCineraria = big soft leaves + a dome of daisies.
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Plant ID●

Florist Gloxinia

Sinningia speciosa

Look first

Look for a basal rosette of very large velvety leaves and oversized upright or nodding bell/trumpet flowers.

Closest checkAfrican Violet is much smaller in both leaf and flower scale.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueGloxinia = giant velvet leaves + giant bells.
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Plant ID●

Solidago

Solidago hybrid

Look first

Look for branching sprays or plumes packed with many tiny yellow flower heads and narrow leaves.

Closest checkMonte Cassino Aster has obvious small daisy faces; Solidago reads as a yellow spray.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueSolidago = golden spray of tiny flowers.
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Plant ID●

Coleus

Solenostemon scutellarioides

Look first

Start with colorful opposite leaves with scalloped/serrated edges on square stems; foliage is the main show.

Closest checkCroton is leathery and glossy; Coleus is softer, thinner and toothed.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueColeus = soft painted leaf with a toothed edge.
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Plant ID●

Peace Lily

Spathiphyllum

Look first

Look for glossy lance-shaped leaves arising from the base and a white spathe surrounding a central spadix.

Closest checkAnthurium often has heart-shaped glossy leaves and a more colorful, heart-shaped spathe.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePeace Lily = lance leaves + white flag spathe.
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Plant ID●

Stephanotis

Stephanotis floribunda

Look first

Look for a woody twining vine with thick opposite glossy oval leaves and clusters of waxy white tubular star flowers.

Closest checkHoya flowers are tight umbels of smaller wax stars; Gardenia is a shrub, not a twining vine.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueStephanotis = glossy vine + white wax trumpets.
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Plant ID●

Bird of Paradise

Strelitzia reginae

Look first

Look for huge banana-like leaves and the unique orange/blue flower emerging from a horizontal boat-shaped spathe.

Closest checkCanna has similar tropical leaves but produces a conventional upright flower cluster instead of the bird-shaped bloom.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueBird of Paradise = banana leaf + boat-and-bird flower.
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Plant ID●

Nephthytis

Syngonium podophyllum

Look first

Look for juvenile arrowhead-shaped leaves with two basal lobes on a climbing/trailing aroid.

Closest checkHeartleaf Philodendron is a smoother symmetrical heart; Caladium is thinner and dramatically patterned.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueNephthytis = arrowhead leaf.
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Plant ID●

Marigold

Tagetes species

Look first

Look for yellow/orange composite flower heads and deeply divided, pinnate leaves with narrow toothed leaflets.

Closest checkZinnia has simple opposite rough leaves; Marigold foliage is finely divided.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueMarigold = pom flower + ferny divided leaf.
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Plant ID●

Wandering Jew

Tradescantia zebrina

Look first

Look for trailing jointed stems with pointed leaves striped silver/green and purple, often purple underneath.

Closest checkFew other official foliage IDs combine trailing habit with metallic stripes and purple undersides.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueWandering Jew = trailing silver-purple stripes.
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Open sketch study

Illustrated study aid. Illustrated flower form. Confirm the official common and botanical names with the source-backed reference card; cultivars vary.

Plant ID●

Tulip

Tulipa

Look first

Look for a single cup-shaped flower on an upright stem with broad smooth leaves that clasp the stem.

Closest checkDaffodil has a central trumpet; Hyacinth has many flowers packed on one spike.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueTulip = one clean cup + broad clasping leaves.
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Plant ID●

Verbena

Verbena hybrid

Look first

Look for tight clusters of small five-lobed flowers on a spreading or upright plant with opposite rough/toothed leaves.

Closest checkPentas clusters are made of sharper five-point stars and usually sit above more lance-shaped leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueVerbena = clustered five-lobed flowers + rough opposite leaves.
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Plant ID●

Vinca

Vinca hybrid

Look first

Look for a trailing/spreading plant with opposite glossy oval leaves and simple five-lobed blue-violet-to-white flowers.

Closest checkPeriwinkle/Catharanthus is usually more upright with a stronger pinwheel flower form; confirm habit and foliage before naming.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueVinca = glossy opposite leaves on a spreading vine.
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Plant ID●

Pansy

Viola × wittrockiana

Look first

Look for a flat rounded five-petaled flower with face-like blotches above small scalloped leaves.

Closest checkThe overlapping petals and dark 'face' markings make pansy distinct from petunia or verbena.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cuePansy = flat flower face.
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Plant ID●

Calla Lily

Zantedeschia hybrid

Look first

Look for a single funnel/rolled spathe wrapped around a central spadix, plus arrow-shaped leaves.

Closest checkPeace Lily also has spathe/spadix but typically a flatter white spathe and lance leaves.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueCalla = elegant funnel spathe + central finger.
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Plant ID●

Zinnia

Zinnia

Look first

Look for stiff upright stems with opposite rough, nearly sessile leaves and bright daisy-like composite heads.

Closest checkDahlia foliage is often more divided; Gerbera flowers rise from a basal rosette.
Contest habitsay the first visible clue before you say the plant name.
Memory cueZinnia = rough opposite leaves + stiff daisy stem.